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Club Ownership Models
The 50+1 rule, member clubs, multi-club groups, private equity and supporter trusts — and how each shapes spending.
Club Ownership Models
The 50+1 rule and member ownership
How member control works, why it limits outside investors and how exceptions have been handled.
Club Ownership Models
Multi-club ownership groups explained
How one owner can hold several clubs, what the rules permit and where conflicts of interest appear.
Club Ownership Models
State-linked and sovereign wealth ownership
What changes when a club’s owner is a state fund or a state-linked entity, and how regulators frame it.
Club Ownership Models
Private equity and fund stakes in clubs
Minority stakes, holding structures and returns: what a financial investor wants from a football club.
Club Ownership Models
Fan ownership and supporter trusts
Community-owned clubs, trusts and golden shares — how supporters hold a formal stake in decisions.
Please read this first. This is general information about the structure of football finance rules. It is not investment or legal advice, it is not a valuation of any club, and it does not describe the position of any specific club. Rules change, differ between competitions and are applied case by case by the bodies that write them.